Ingabo za SADC muri RDC: Intambara idasanzwe iri kurota mu karere
Adeline Umutoni, Marc Hoogsteyns
Ibikubiye muri iyi nkuru ni ibitekerezo bwite by'abanditsi. Yasohotse bwa mbere mu Gifaransa n'icyongereza kuri Kivu Press Agency, ishyirwa mu Kinyarwanda na IGIHE.
Sitwe twenyine twatunguwe no kumva ko SADC igiye kohereza ingabo zo gukemura ikibazo cyo mu ntara ya Kivu mu Burasirazuba bwa Congo. Ni bake batekerezaga ko Perezida Felix Tshisekedi ashobora kugera aha: Nyuma yo kugerageza gushuka Loni n'Umuryango wa Afurika y'Iburasirazuba (EAC) ngo bimufashe kurwanya M23 ntibikunde, ubu noneho SADC yemeye kumurwanirira.
Bamwe mu bakurikiranira ibi bibazo kure bari kwibwira ko ibintu bigiye kumera nk'ibyabaye mu 2013 ubwo ingabo za Tanzania na Afurika y'Epfo zameneshaga M23 igahungira muri Uganda.
Ntabwo M23 yigeze ihangana nabo, yahise isubira inyuma. Icyakora kuri iyi nshuro amazi ntakiri ya yandi: M23 ntizongera gusubira inyuma, ingabo za SADC nizihabwa inshingano zo kurwanya M23, uwo mutwe uzabafata nk'abanzi ubarwanye.
Mu biganiro bimaze igihe biba bigamije gushakira amahoro akarere, umuzi nyawo w'ikibazo cya M23 ntujya ukomozwaho, ntihajya havugwa impamvu uwo mutwe ibyo wemerewe mu 2013 bitashyizwe mu bikorwa. Izi nyeshyamba zemeye kuva mu duce zari zafashe hajyamo ingabo za EAC, ariko aho bigeze bisa nk'aho ibi byose byateshejwe agaciro.
Ntabwo ibyo SADC yemerewe mbere yo kohereza ingabo muri RDC biramenyekana, ariko icyaba cyose, gusinya aya masezerano mashya ni nko gukomeza gushimashima ikibyimba kiri hafi guturika isaha n'isaha. Nta muntu wakwihandagaza ngo avuge ko azi uko ibintu bizagenda, ariko muri iyi nkuru twagerageje guhina, twerekana ibintu bishoboka mu gihe ingabo za SADC zaba zoherejwe.
Ubwo amakuru y'uko SADC izohereza ingabo zo kurwanya M23 yamenyekanaga, nahise mvugana n'abantu banjye baba muri M23, abo muri Guverinoma y'u Rwanda na Uganda bakora mu muryango wa EAC.
Hari umwe mu bayobozi b'u Rwanda wavuze ati "Aya masezerano mashya arerekana ko Tshisekedi atarajwe ishinga no gushaka amahoro. Ntabwo nzatungurwa SADC nitera M23."
Undi wo muri M23 we yagize ati "Ntabwo tuzava mu birindiro byacu ngo izo ngabo zibijyemo, nibibeshya bakaturasaho tuzahangana. Baze biteguye gutakaza benshi kandi amahirwe ni uko muri Kivu bazahasiga urwibutso rubi. Itandukaniro hagati y'ubu na 2013, ni uko ntawe uzongera kutubwira kumanika amaboko ngo tubyemere, twarabeshywe bihagije, kuri iyi nshuro ntituzongera kubyemera. Twize amasomo menshi, twiteguye gupfira icyo turwanira."
Umwe mu basirikare ba EAC uri i Goma yagize ati "Twamaze kubona ko Guverinoma ya Kinshasa iby'amahoro ntacyo biyibwiye. Ubwo bari bamaze kubona ko tutagenzwa no kurwanya M23, batangiye kudusebya no kutugaragaza nabi. Aya masezerano basinye na SADC, ni icyerekana ko batesheje agaciro ibyemerejwe i Luanda na Nairobi. Ntabwo mu nshingano zacu hari harimo kurwana, bivuze ko twe gukorana nabo bidashoboka. Ikigaragara ni uko ibintu bigiye kuba bibi kurushaho." No muri Uganda abaho batubwiye nk'ibi.
Mu gihe SADC izaba itegura ingabo, abayobozi bayo ahari bazaba bazenguruka mu karere basobanurira bagenzi babo impamvu y'uwo mwanzuro bafashe.
Gusa ikigaragara ni uko bigoye ngo abanyapolitiki bazahura bazemera ibyo bababwira. Tshisekedi unyotewe no gutangiza ubu bufatanye vuba cyane bishoboka, aherutse kubwira itangazamakuru ko ashaka ko ingabo za EAC ziba zavuye ku butaka bwe bitarenze ukwezi, ndetse yongeraho ko uretse ingabo z'u Burundi, abandi bari gukorana na M23.
Tshisekedi arashaka intambara na M23 kugira ngo ibizavamo azabyifashishe yiyamamariza manda ya kabiri mu mpera z'uyu mwaka. Nabigeraho kandi, azasibanganya icyasha kimuriho cyo gukorana na FDLR.
Byashoboka ko ikarita ari gukinisha iri kumuhira uyu munsi, ariko yiyibagiza ko uwo bahanganye na we afite izindi karita. Naramuka abashije kumvisha ingabo za Loni (MONUSCO) zikamujya inyuma, intego z'uwo mutwe usanzwe warananiwe noneho zizarushaho kugaragara muri aka karere.
Afurika y'Epfo na Angola byo byashutse Namibia ngo ibe ariyo izayobora izi ngabo za SADC. By'umwihariko Afurika y'Epfo niyo yumvishije ibindi bihugu ngo byemere gusinya, mu gihe Angola yo imaze igihe iri mu macenga: Ku ruhande rumwe Angola yashyigikiye ko ingabo za EAC zoherezwa guhosha imvururu muri Kivu, ariko ku rundi ruhande bari bafite ibindi bashaka.
Angola imaze igihe iri gutegurana na Congo aho kuzashyira abarwanyi ba M23 mu ntara ya Maniema, byose bigakorwa nta ruhare M23 yabigizemo. U Rwanda rwari rwabafashije kugera ku bayobozi ba M23, ariko kuri iyi nshuro Angola ishobora kugorwa no kongera kuvugana na M23.
Afurika y'Epfo yo irishakira uburyo bwo kwerekana ko ari igihugu gikomeye muri Afurika, nyuma y'aho ingabo zayo zinaniwe kwirukana imitwe y'iterabwoba muri Mozambique. Ni kenshi ingabo z'u Rwanda (RDF) zagiye zibatabara.
Icyakora u Rwanda na Afurika y'Epfo bimaze igihe birebana nabi, by'umwihariko kubera uburyo icyo gihugu gicumbikiye benshi mu bashaka guhungabanya umutekano w'u Rwanda no kuba Afurika y'Epfo itumva uburyo u Rwanda rukomeje kuba icyitegererezo muri Afurika. Ubu buryo rero bwo kohereza ingabo muri Kivu, ni nko kwihimura.
Uku kohereza ingabo kwa SADC kandi kuri Angola, ni ubundi bugambanyi iki gihugu gikoreye abavuga Ikinyarwanda baharanira uburenganzira bwabo muri RDC.
Ubwa mbere, mu ntambara ya kabiri ya Congo Dos Santos wayoboraga Angola, yabeshye u Rwanda rwari rushyigikiye RCD ko ntacyo azatwara ingabo zarwo zari zari i Kitona, ziri kwisuganya ngo zijye gufata Kinshasa. Angola yemereye ingabo z'u Rwanda kunyura ku kibuga cy'indege cya Ndjili, nyuma barabahindukirana n'indege z'intambara batangira kubarasa.
Iyi myitwarire ya Angola nta kindi abavuga Ikinyarwanda baharanira uburenganzira bwabo muri RDC bayibonamo, atari ubugambanyi bwa kabiri, ibintu bigoye ko bazongera kubyihanganira.
Hejuru y'uko kutizerana hagati y'u Rwanda n'ibihugu byo mu Majyepfo ya Afurika, hiyongeraho ko FDLR ariyo izabyungukiramo ikarushaho kwiyuburura. Ni ibintu bigoye ko u Rwanda ruzabyemera.
Hashize iminsi abanyapolitiki bo muri Congo bigamba ko nibarangizanya na M23, u Rwanda arirwo ruzakurikiraho. Bisa nko kwikirigita no guhubuka, ariko u Rwanda rurabizi neza ko FDLR ariyo yaba iri mu nyungu.
Tshisekedi kandi yabashije guhondanya imitwe EAC na SADC, ku buryo kugira ngo birinde ingaruka zabyo bizabasaba kuganira. Nubwo babasha kubiganiraho, bizagorana ko iyi miryango yombi yongera kwizerana ku buryo yakorana mu bihe biri imbere.
Ikindi kibazo rero cyo kwibaza: Ni nde uzishyura ibizakoreshwa n'izi ngabo za SADC? EAC yari imaze iminsi isaba inkunga mu Muryango wa Afurika Yunze Ubumwe n'Umuryango w'Ubumwe bw'u Burayi. Leta ya Kinshasa nta n'urupfumuye itanga, ahubwo n'ayo ifite iyamarira ku bacanshuro no kugura intwaro.
Imiryango yemeye gufasha EAC ni uko inemeranya n'ibikubiye mu nshingano uwo muryango urimo muri Congo. Aha umuntu yakwibaza ngo, bazemera gutanga andi mafaranga azafasha mu gukomeza ikibazo barwanya M23, aho gukemura ibihari bahashya n'indi mitwe nka CODECO, Nyatura, Mai Mai, FDLR n'indi? Tshisekedi arifuza ko SADC iba yahageze mu kwezi kumwe, ariko bisa nk'aho icyo gihe kidahagije ukurikije uburemere bw'ikibazo bagiyemo.
Angola na Afurika y'Epfo bo bafite ibindi bibereyemo, ahubwo bagakoresha Namibia nk''agakingirizo. Umugaba Mukuru w'ingabo za SADC azajya ahabwa amabwiriza n'ibi bihugu byombi, nubwo yitwa ko ari uw'ikindi gihugu. Amapeti yose afite uko yaba angana, ntacyo azaba avuze mu gihe atubahirije ibyo asabwa na Angola na Afurika y'Epfo.
Niba koko nk'uko bihwihwiswa SADC izohereza muri Kivu diviziyo y'ingabo (zisaga ibihumbi 10), nta kabuza ko bazarusha imbaraga M23, ariko ntabwo bivuze ko bazaba babarushije amayeri.
Ikibatandukanyije ni uko M23 yiteguye gupfira icyo irwanira. N'umuntu wese utazi iby'urugamba, arabizi neza ko ikintu cya mbere M23 yakora ari ugufata Goma, igakupira amazi n'umuriro ingabo za SADC kuko ariho hari ikibuga cy'indege cyifashishwa mu kubagezaho ibyo bakeneye. SADC kandi ikwiriye kumenya ko u Rwanda na Uganda bigoye ngo byemere kubaha inzira, mu gihe izindi zose zaba zananiranye. Bivuze ko inzira bazaba basigaranye ari Kisangani.
Ikibuga cy'indege cya Bukavu ni gito cyane ku buryo kitagwaho indege nini za gisirikare, nubwo nayo ari indi nzira ishoboka. Ikindi ni uko M23 yahindura amayeri, igatangira kurwanira mu mashyamba, mu dutsinda duto (Guerilla war), ni ibintu bizaborohera.
Nibiramuka bigenze gutyo, SADC izasigara icungira ku kugufashwa n'imitwe nka FDLR na Nyatura na Mai Mai kuko niyo imenyereye utwo duce. Ibi nabyo bizaba ari undi mutego kuko SADC izisanga yatangiye gukorana n'imitwe ifite amazina yanduye, biteshe ikuzo izo ngabo nk'uko byagendekeye Tshisekedi.
M23 nibyo izapfusha abasirikare nikoresha ubu buryo ariko ntabwo bizaba bibi nko kurwana intambara yeruye. Bamaze igihe babyitegura, bahisha intwaro ahantu hatandukanye bagenzura ku buryo abo bazaba bahanganye nabo bazahagwa cyane.
Ubu buryo buzagora cyane ingabo za SADC zizisanga zirwanira ahantu zitamenyereye. Ubufasha bwonyine bwatabara SADC ni ugukorana na MONUSCO. Loni rero niyongera ikemera gukoreshwa muri iyi ntambara, izaba irushijeho kwambika icyasha izina ryayo mu karere, ikintu imaze iminsi yirinda.
Kubera uburyo u Rwanda rwakuruwe cyane muri ibi bibazo rugafatwa nka kabitera, byatumye abasirikare ba M23 bitwa Abanyarwanda. Ni inyito ikomeye ariko nta bubasha Leta y'u Rwanda na Uganda bazaba bafite bwo gusaba Sultan Makenga n'ingabo ze gusubira inyuma. Ikindi ni uburyo benshi mu bavuga Ikinyarwanda bashyigikiye M23, ku buryo batifuza ko uyu mutwe noneho ushyira intwaro hasi.
Mu Rwanda kandi bafata Afurika y'Epfo nk'umwanzi kubera uburyo yahaye rugari abashaka guhungabanya umutekano warwo. Barabizi ko gutsinda M23 byaha urwaho FDLR ikongera kwisuganya. Icyakora, uretse habayeho kuvogera ubusugire bw'u Rwanda, bigaragara ko u Rwanda rutarajwe ishinga no kwijandika muri ibi bibazo bya M23. Nta n'impamvu kandi kuko imbaraga M23 ifite ubu ziyemerera kwirwanaho.
Amakuru atubwira ko ingabo za Uganda (UPDF) nazo zititeguye kurekura uduce zirimo muri Kivu, nubwo atari amakuru twahagararaho kuko rimwe na rimwe amayeri ya Museveni bigoye kuyatahura! Icyakora uko byagenda kose, ni uko bashobora kuba biteguye gufasha M23 mu gihe byaba bibaye ngombwa.
Ikintu kigaragarira amaso ni uko ibibazo muri Kivu bishobora kuba bigiye gukomera kurusha uko twabikekaga. Ingabo za SADC ubu zifite umukoro wo kumvisha isi impamvu zigiye kujya muri Congo, ariko n'iyo zabasha gutsinsura M23, ntabwo ikibazo cyatumye ibaho kizaba gikemutse.
Icyo tugamije twandika iri sesengura, ni ukugira ngo ubashe kumva aho ibintu biva n'aho bigana.
Birashoboka ko hari ibyo twakwibeshyaho kuko ntabwo tuzi ukuri kwa byose, ariyo mpamvu twifuza ko habaho guhangana kw'ibitekerezo, buri wese akerekana uko abona bizarangira kugira ngo tugire aho duhuriza.
Umuryango Mpuzamahanga ukwiriye gukanura cyane, ugatekereza byimbitse kuri aya masezerano aherutse gusinyirwa muri Namibia mbere y'uko izi ngabo zoherezwa muri RDC.
Bakwiriye kandi kureba impamvu nyamukuru yatumye iki kibazo kivuka, bakamenya icyatumye abavuga Ikinyarwanda muri Congo bahaguruka bakarwana. Aka karere kamenetsemo amaraso ahagije, nta ntambara kagikeneye kuko nta terambere rizivamo. Abaturage b'inzirakarengane nibo babihomberamo.
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